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- <text id=91TT1810>
- <title>
- Aug. 12, 1991: Judges, Democracy And Natural Law
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- Aug. 12, 1991 Busybodies & Crybabies
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- ESSAY, Page 68
- Judges, Democracy And Natural Law
- </hdr><body>
- <p>By Michael Kinsley
- </p>
- <p> Though people on both sides deplore them, these annual
- summer brawls over Supreme Court nominees can be valuable
- exercises in civic education. The Robert Borkathon of 1987
- forced millions of Americans to think about the role of a
- constitution in a democracy: the proper way to interpret
- 200-year-old phrases, the conflict between majority rule and
- individual freedom, and so on.
- </p>
- <p> This summer President Bush's nomination of Clarence Thomas
- has unexpectedly plunged the nation even deeper into the pool
- of first principles. America finds itself debating natural law.
- An enthusiasm for something called "natural law" is one of the
- repeated themes in Thomas' slim collection of writings and
- speeches. What he means by natural law and what uses he would
- put it to as a life-tenured Supreme Court Justice are not clear.
- This justifiably alarms some people, who are worried that
- "natural law" could become an excuse for a conservative judge
- to impose his political agenda--just as conservatives have
- accused liberal judges of using "privacy" to do the same thing.
- </p>
- <p> In fact, though, the two questions can be separated. Is
- there something called natural law? And is it a legitimate basis
- for judges to overrule the wishes of the majority as expressed
- in laws of a less exalted sort?
- </p>
- <p> At this point in American history, the answer to the first
- question is beyond challenge. Yes, as far as the U.S. is
- concerned, natural law exists. The "Laws of Nature" are right
- there in the first sentence of the Declaration of Independence.
- The second and most famous sentence provides a perfect
- definition of natural law: human beings are "endowed by their
- Creator with certain inalienable Rights," including "Life,
- Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness."
- </p>
- <p> Where do these rights come from? Some may have trouble
- with the concept of a divine creator. Others may find it overly
- metaphysical to insist that every human being has these rights
- in a world where most people are patently unfree to exercise
- them. But few can doubt that life, liberty and the pursuit of
- happiness are what a civilized society ought to strive to
- provide its members. As the Declaration says, that is the reason
- "Governments are instituted." It is "self-evident." That's good
- enough for me.
- </p>
- <p> But just because rights exist, this does not mean it is
- the role of judges to enforce them. The institution of judicial
- review--the power of unelected judges to overrule the
- democratic branches of government--is a funny business. Judges
- do not have that power in other major democracies, and it is not
- explicitly authorized in the U.S. Constitution. It emerges,
- rather, from the structure of our government. As Justice John
- Marshall first reasoned in Marbury vs. Madison (1803): faced
- with a conflict between a law and a constitutional provision,
- judges must honor the Constitution. All government officials
- should do the same. The Supreme Court's interpretation of the
- Constitution is definitive only because procedurally it comes
- last.
- </p>
- <p> The Constitution lists certain rights, and others (such as
- the right to vote) are implied in the structure of government
- it sets up. But nothing in the constitutional structure of the
- government gives the Supreme Court authority to overrule the
- other branches on the basis of unwritten natural law. Judicial
- review, a bold claim at first, is now so well established that
- we've come to feel that a right doesn't exist unless a judge can
- enforce it. But enforcing a right means interpreting it, and
- exclusive power to interpret a concept as vague as natural law
- should not be given to the unelected branch of government. The
- job of protecting our nonconstitutional rights belongs to those
- who most directly "deriv[e] their just powers from the consent
- of the governed," as the Declaration has it: elected officials.
- </p>
- <p> The Declaration speaks of "Life, Liberty and the pursuit
- of Happiness." The Constitution refers more prosaically to
- "life, liberty, or property." It's an illuminating difference.
- Furthermore, the Constitution does not guarantee these values
- in absolute terms. It protects them only from deprivation by the
- government itself, and even in that regard it promises only
- procedural fairness and equal treatment. The authors were surely
- wise to narrow the focus. What would be left of democracy if
- judges could roam the landscape striking down anything that--in their opinion--interfered with somebody's pursuit of
- happiness?
- </p>
- <p> All this is not to say that natural-law concepts have no
- role to play in constitutional interpretation. Many people, for
- example, find it hard to understand why freedom of speech must
- be extended to Nazis and others who do not believe in free
- speech themselves and would deny it to others if they could. The
- answer is that the Bill of Rights is based on the theory of
- natural law, not on the alternative theory of a social contract.
- You are entitled to these rights simply because you are a human
- being, not because you have agreed, literally or metaphorically,
- to honor them.
- </p>
- <p> Majestic phrases like "due process of law" require
- parsing. Even the strictest constructionists would accept that
- the natural-law thinking of the 18th century is useful in
- divining the framers' "original intent."
- </p>
- <p> Some enthusiasts see the Ninth Amendment--which provides
- that the list of rights in the Constitution "shall not be
- construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people"--as a direct incorporation of natural law. The fact that these
- enthusiasts include would-be judicial activists of both the left
- and the right ought to dim the enthusiasm of both groups. The
- point is that the people do have rights not derived from the
- Constitution--natural rights, if you will--but judges have
- no special authority to enforce those rights.
- </p>
- <p> Clarence Thomas may well be claiming no special authority
- for judges when he invokes natural law and natural rights. In
- that case, there is no problem. If he has more ambitious
- notions, there is a serious problem. And the fact that liberal
- Justices may have had overreaching notions of their own in the
- past is mere irony.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
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